Diabetes subgroups and sociodemographic inequalities in Mexico: a cross-sectional analysis of nationally representative surveys from 2016 to 2022.

Background: Differences in the prevalence of four diabetes subgroups have been reported in Mexico compared to other populations, but factors that may contribute to these differences are poorly understood. Here, we estimate the prevalence of diabetes subgroups in Mexico and evaluate their correlates with indicators of social disadvantage using data from national representative surveys. Methods: We analyzed serial, cross-sectional Mexican National Health and Nutrition Surveys spanning 2016, 2018, 2020, 2021, and 2022, including 23,354 adults (>20 years). Diabetes subgroups (obesity-related [MOD], severe insulin-deficient [SIDD], severe insulin-resistant [SIRD], and age-related [MARD]) were classified using self-normalizing neural networks based on a previously validated algorithm. We used the density-independent social lag index (DISLI) as a proxy of state-level social disadvantage. Findings: We identified 4204 adults (median age: 57, IQR: 47-66, women: 64%) living with diabetes, yielding a pooled prevalence of 16.04% [95% CI: 14.92-17.17]. When stratified by diabetes subgroup, prevalence was 6.62% (5.69-7.55) for SIDD, 5.25% (4.52-5.97) for MOD, 2.39% (1.95-2.83) for MARD, and 1.27% (1.00-1.54) for SIRD. SIDD and MOD clustered in Southern Mexico, whereas MARD and SIRD clustered in Northern Mexico and Mexico City. Each standard deviation increase in DISLI was associated with higher odds of SIDD (OR: 1.12, 95% CI: 1.06-1.12) and lower odds of MOD (OR: 0.93, 0.88-0.99). Speaking an indigenous language was associated with higher odds of SIDD (OR: 1.35, 1.16-1.57) and lower odds of MARD (OR 0.58, 0.45-0.74). Interpretation: Diabetes prevalence in Mexico is rising in the context of regional and sociodemographic inequalities across distinct diabetes subgroups. SIDD is a subgroup of concern that may be associated with inadequate diabetes management, mainly in marginalized states. Funding: This research was supported by Instituto Nacional de Geriatría in Mexico.

Juvenile Delinquency in the Context of Organized Crime in Mexico: A Systematic Review.

In 2007, Mexico implemented a strategy to combat drug trafficking through military intervention, after which a significant increase in homicides, mainly among young men, was observed and linked to structural problems as well as organized crime, especially the recruitment of youth, with adolescents being particularly vulnerable. Through a systematic review of the literature from 2013 to 2022, we have compiled the reported factors influencing the recruitment of adolescents by organized crime in Mexico and conducted a metasynthesis of the data according to the multiple levels that affect adolescents: individual, family, community, cultural, and social. This research has shown that many of the factors reported are interrelated and need to be studied holistically. In addition, many of the factors are common to other forms of juvenile delinquency, but the main difference is the presence of organized crime itself in the community and culture.

Current status and challenges in timely detection of cervical cancer in Mexico: expert consensus.

Cervical cancer is a significant public health problem in low- and middle-income countries, accounting for 85% of new cases worldwide. Due to poorly organized screening programs, cervical cancer is more likely to develop in vulnerable groups who do not initiate or rarely undergo screening. Cervical cytology and detecting high-risk human papillomavirus types are the recommended screening tools. Further, these strategies allow for accurately identifying women at a higher risk of cervical cancer and establishing screening times. New detection tools, such as novel biomarkers or automatic HPV detection in the vagina or urine, can improve screening coverage. This review aims to identify the challenges faced by detection programs and screening tools in Mexico to provide evidence-based recommendations to improve early detection programs for cervical cancer.

Genome sequence of a vesicular stomatitis Indiana virus isolate collected in 1988 from a naturally infected bovine in Mexico.

We report the near-full genome sequence of a vesicular stomatitis Indiana virus (VSIV) originally collected from a naturally infected bovine in south-central Mexico. This sequence represents a coding-complete genome sequence of a VSIV from Mexico, a country where vesicular stomatitis is endemic.

The Effects of an Educational Intervention About Front-of-Package Labeling on Food and Beverage Selection Among Children and Their Caregivers: Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial.

BACKGROUND: Overweight and obesity pose a global public health challenge and have a multifactorial origin. One of these factors includes obesogenic environments, which promote ultraprocessed foods characterized by being high in calories, saturated fats, added sugars, and sodium. In Mexico, it has been estimated that 30% of the total energy consumed comes from processed foods. The Modification to the Official Mexican Standards introduces nutritional information through black octagonal seals that alert consumers about products with excessive amounts of some components for a better food selection in the population. However, the effects of warning labels on processed food selection and purchases among children remain unknown. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to evaluate the impact of a digital educational intervention focusing on front-of-package warning labels on the food selection and purchasing behavior of elementary schoolchildren and their caregivers. METHODS: Children from 4 elementary schools in Mexico City, 2 public and 2 private schools, will participate in a randomized controlled trial. The schools will be chosen by simple random sampling. Schools will be randomized into 2 groups: intervention and control. In the control group, the dyads (caregiver-schoolchildren) will receive general nutritional education, and in the intervention group, they will receive guidance on reading labels and raising awareness about the impact of consuming ultraprocessed products on health. The educational intervention will be conducted via a website. Baseline measurements will be taken for both groups at 3 and 6 months. All participants will have access to an online store through the website, allowing them to engage in exercises for selecting and purchasing food and beverages. In addition, other measures will include a brief 5-question exam to evaluate theoretical understanding, a 24-hour reminder, a survey on food habits and consumption, application of a food preference scale, anthropometric measurements, and recording of school lunch choices. RESULTS: Registration and funding were authorized in 2022, and we will begin data collection in September 2024. Recruitment has not yet taken place, but the status of data analysis and expected results will be published in April 2025. CONCLUSIONS: The study is expected to contribute to evaluating whether reinforcing front-of-package warning labels with education enhances its effects and makes them more sustainable. Conducting this study will allow us to propose whether or not it is necessary to develop new intervention strategies related to front-of-package labeling for a better understanding of the population, improved food choices, and better health outcomes. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT06102473; https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06102473. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID): PRR1-10.2196/54783.

Carcinogenic, non-carcinogenic risk, and attributable cases to organochlorine pesticide exposure in women from Northern Mexico.

This study aimed to estimate the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk as well as the attributable cases due to exposure to organochlorine pesticides (OCPs): hexachlorobenzene (HCB), dichlorophenyltrichloroethane (DDT), hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH), heptachlor, and chlordane. From serum concentrations of pesticides of interest in a sample of 908 women from Northern Mexico, the risk for both cancer and non-cancer health effects was evaluated. The population attributable fraction (PAF) was also calculated based on summary association estimates between exposure to OCPs and different health events. Findings revealed that due to their OCP exposure slightly less than half of the women in the sample were at increased risk of developing non-cancerous diseases. Moreover, approximately 25% and 75% of participants were at risk of develop some type of cancer associated with their HCB and DDE concentrations, respectively. In addition, it was estimated that 40.5% of type 2 diabetes, 18.7% of endometriosis, and 23.1% of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma cases could have been prevented if women had not been exposed to these OCPs. Results suggest that the use of OCPs may have contributed to the disease burden in the study area and, based on the time required for these substances to be eliminated from the body, there are probably some women who are still at elevated risk of developing diseases associated to OCPs.

Virtual reality as a non-medical tool in the treatment of anxiety, pain, and perception of time in children in the maintenance phase of acute lymphoblastic leukemia treatment.

Introduction: Management of pediatric cancer patients involves invasive procedures such as punctures, injections, catheter placements, and chemotherapy which can generate fatigue, nausea, vomiting, anxiety, and pain. Virtual Reality (VR) is a nonpharmacological intervention classified as a cognitive-behavioral method to relieve symptoms. Methods: We designed a crossover protocol and included 20 patients between 9 and 12 years old; ten were male. All patients had acute lymphoblastic leukemia diagnosis and were treatedwith St. Jude's XV protocol in the maintenance phase. Pain and anxiety were measured with validated scales in the pediatric population. Results: Although we used a small group of patients, we found statistical difference in the reduction of anxiety and perception of time. Discussion: These results open a window to non-pharmacological treatments and show a strategy to improve quality of life in children inside the hospital.

Sociodemographic differences in nutrition labels effect on Chilean and Mexican youth.

Objective: To examine sociodemographic differences in the awareness, understanding, use and effect of nutrition labels among Mexican and Chilean youth. Methods: Online surveys among youth (10-17 years) were obtained in 2019 (n=2631). Participants reported their awareness, understanding, and use of their country-specific nutrition facts tables (NFT) and front-of-pack labels (FOPL) (Chile: warning labels [WLs]; Mexico: guideline daily amounts [GDA]). Additionally, participants reported their perceived healthfulness of a sweetened fruit drink after viewing one of six versions of it with different FOPL (no-label control, Health Star Rating, WLs, GDAs, Traffic Light, or Nutri-Score) during an experimental task. Results: Higher self-reported nutrition knowledge was associated with higher NFT and FOPL awareness, understanding, and use, except for WL use. WLs were the most effective FOPL in decreasing the perceived healthfulness of the sweetened fruit drink compared to a no-label condition and other FOP labels. In Chile, the effect of GDA differed by income adequacy, while in Mexico Nutri-Score differed by age. Conclusions: Results suggest that nutrition label awareness, use, understanding, and impact differ across demographics, favoring higher income and nutrition knowledge. Despite this, WLs are likely to have a positive impact on nutrition-related knowledge and behaviors among Mexican and Chilean youth, independently of their socio-demographic groups.

Effectiveness and Implementation of a Text Messaging mHealth Intervention to Prevent Childhood Obesity in Mexico in the COVID-19 Context: Mixed Methods Study.

BACKGROUND: Promoting physical activity (PA) and healthy feeding (HF) is crucial to address the alarming increase in obesity rates in developing countries. Leveraging mobile phones for behavior change communication to encourage infant PA and promote HF is particularly significant within the Mexican context. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to explore the effectiveness and feasibility of mHealth interventions aimed at promoting PA and HF among primary caregivers (PCs) of Mexican children under the age of 5 years. Additionally, the study aims to disseminate insights gained from intervention implementation amidst the COVID-19 pandemic and assess the potential of behavior change mHealth interventions on a broader population scale. METHODS: NUTRES, an mHealth intervention, underwent an effectiveness-implementation hybrid trial. Over 36 weeks, participants in the intervention group (IG), totaling 230 individuals, received approximately 108 SMS text messages tailored to their children's age. These messages covered topics such as PA and HF and emphasized the significance of proper child nutrition amidst the COVID-19 pandemic. NUTRES participants were recruited from both urban and rural health units across 2 states in Mexico. Given the COVID-19 context, both baseline and follow-up surveys were conducted via mobile or fixed telephone. The evaluation of effectiveness and implementation used a mixed methods approach. Qualitative analysis delved into participants' experiences with NUTRES and various implementation indicators, including acceptance, relevance, and coverage. Grounded theory was used for coding and analysis. Furthermore, difference-in-differences regression models were used to discern disparities between groups (comparison group [CG] versus IG) concerning knowledge and practices pertaining to infant PA and HF. RESULTS: Of the total 494 PCs enrolled in NUTRES, 334 persisted until the end of the study, accounting for 67.6% (334/494) participation across both groups. A majority of PCs (43/141, 30.5%, always; and 97/141, 68.8%, sometimes) used the SMS text message information. Satisfaction and acceptability toward NUTRES were notably high, reaching 98% (96/98), with respondents expressing that NUTRES was "good," "useful," and "helpful" for enhancing child nutrition. Significant differences after the intervention were observed in PA knowledge, with social interaction favored (CG: 8/135, 5.9% vs IG: 20/137, 14.6%; P=.048), as well as in HF practice knowledge. Notably, sweetened beverage consumption, associated with the development of chronic diseases, showed divergence (CG: 92/157, 58.6% vs IG: 110/145, 75.9%; P=.003). In the difference-in-differences model, a notable increase of 0.03 in knowledge regarding the benefits of PA was observed (CG: mean 0.13, SD 0.10 vs IG: mean 0.16, SD 0.11; P=.02). PCs expressed feeling accompanied and supported, particularly amidst the disruption of routine health care services during the COVID-19 pandemic. CONCLUSIONS: While NUTRES exhibited a restricted impact on targeted knowledge and behaviors, the SMS text messages functioned effectively as both a reminder and a source of new knowledge for PCs of Mexican children under 5 years of age. The key lessons learned were as follows: mHealth intervention strategies can effectively maintain communication with individuals during emergencies, such as the COVID-19 pandemic; methodological and implementation barriers can constrain the effectiveness of mHealth interventions; and using mixed methods approaches ensures the complementary nature of results. The findings contribute valuable evidence regarding the opportunities and constraints associated with using mobile phones to enhance knowledge and practices concerning PA and HF among PCs of children under 5 years old. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04250896; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04250896.

Impacto de la pandemia de COVID-19 en las tendencias de mortalidad por enfermedades cardiovasculares en México, 2000-2022 / Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on cardiovascular disease mortality trends in Mexico, 2000–2022

Objetivo: Estimar el impacto de la pandemia de COVID-19 en tendencia de la mortalidad por enfermedad cardiovascular (ECV) en México. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio ecológico donde se analizaron las defunciones por ECV reportadas en México bajo la clasificación CIE-10 con los códigos I10 al I99 para el periodo 2000 al 2022. Se calcularon las tasas de mortalidad estandarizadas por edad a nivel nacional y estatal, y posteriormente se estimó la variación porcentual anual mediante el análisis de joinpoint para conocer los cambios en la tendencia de la mortalidad en el periodo estudiado. Resultados: Se presentó un incremento de 27,96 muertes por cada 100.000 habitantes del 2000 al 2022 en México. El análisis joinpoint muestra en el periodo 2019 a 2021 un cambio porcentual anual a nivel nacional de 17.398, y posteriormente se presenta una tendencia negativa entre los años 2021-2022. Los estados como Guanajuato, Tlaxcala y Querétaro mostraron los mayores incrementos en las tendencias de la mortalidad por ECV durante la pandemia por COVID-19. Conclusiones: La tendencia de la mortalidad por ECV en México se incrementó de manera importante durante la pandemia por COVID-19.(AU)

Objective: To estimate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality trends in Mexico. Methods: An ecological study was conducted where deaths from CVD reported in Mexico under the ICD-10 classification with codes I10 to I99 for the period 2000–2022 were analyzed. Age-standardized mortality rates were calculated at the national and state levels, then the annual percentage variation was estimated using joinpoint analysis to know the changes in the mortality trend in the period studied. Results: There was an increase of 27.96 deaths per 100,000 inhabitants from 2000 to 2022 in Mexico. The joinpoint analysis shows in the period 2019–2021 an annual percentage change at the national level of 17,398 and subsequently a negative trend is presented between the years 2021–2022. The states of Guanajuato, Tlaxcala and Querétaro showed the largest increases in CVD mortality trends during the COVID-19 pandemic. Conclusions: The trend in CVD mortality in Mexico increased significantly during the COVID-19 pandemic.(AU)

Pérdida significativa como factor del alcoholismo / Perda significativa como fator de alcoolism / Significant loss as a factor in alcoholism

La relación de la pérdida significativa de un ser queridoy el alcoholismo ha minimizado las implicaciones sobremecanismos de afrontamientos para generar conductassaludables. Este artículo se basa en entrevistas semiestructuradasa profundidad en hombres de entre 30 y 70 años, conmás de 10 años en Alcohólicos Anónimos del Estado deTamaulipas, México. El objetivo fue reflexionar sobre lossignificados de la pérdida significativa de un ser querido yel alcoholismo. En la búsqueda del significado, se explicaque un factor que lleva al alcoholismo no es una sola pérdidasignificativa de personas queridas, sino un cúmulo tambiende pérdidas materiales y no materiales, se reflejaron recursoslimitados para afrontar las pérdidas, la relación entre lapérdida significativa con el alcoholismo fue mediado pordos principales aspectos, las creencias sobre los efectos queproduce el consumo de alcohol como formas de escapar de larealidad y las influencia de la familia al inicio del consumode alcohol. Por otra parte, la presencia de lo espiritual, laconciencia y las emociones que experimentan durante suproceso de duelo y alcoholismo, los llevó a identificar elproblema de la adicción, que permitió influir en el procesode rehabilitación.(AU)

A relação entre a perda significativa de um ente querido e oalcoolismo tem minimizado as implicações nos mecanismosde enfrentamento para gerar comportamentos saudáveis.Este artigo é baseado em entrevistas semiestruturadas emprofundidade com homens entre 30 e 70 anos, com mais de10 anos em Alcoólicos Anônimos no Estado de Tamaulipas,México. O objetivo foi refletir sobre os significados da perdasignificativa de um ente querido e do alcoolismo. Na buscade sentido, explica-se que um fator que leva ao alcoolismonão é uma única perda significativa de entes queridos, mastambém um acúmulo de perdas materiais e imateriais,recursos limitados foram refletidos para enfrentar as perdas,a relação entre a perda significativa com o alcoolismo foimediada por dois aspectos principais, as crenças sobre osefeitos que o consumo de álcool produz como formas defuga da realidade e a influência da família no início doconsumo de álcool. Por outro lado, a presença do espiritual,da consciência e das emoções que vivenciam durante oprocesso de luto e alcoolismo, levaram-nos a identificar oproblema da dependência, o que lhes permitiu influenciaro processo de reabilitação.(AU)

The relationship between the significant loss of a lovedone and alcoholism has minimized the implications oncoping mechanisms to generate healthy behaviors. Thisarticle is based on in-depth semi-structured interviews withmen between the ages of 30 and 70, with more than 10years in Alcoholics Anonymous in the State of Tamaulipas,Mexico. The objective was to reflect on the meanings of the significant loss of a loved one and alcoholism. In thesearch for meaning, it is explained that a factor that leadsto alcoholism is not a single significant loss of loved ones,but also an accumulation of material and non-materiallosses, limited resources were reflected to face the losses,the relationship between the loss significant with alcoholismwas mediated by two main aspects, beliefs about the effectsthat alcohol consumption produces as ways of escapingfrom reality and the influence of the family at the beginningof alcohol consumption. On the other hand, the presenceof the spiritual, the conscience and the emotions that theyexperience during their mourning process and alcoholism,led them to identify the problem of addiction, which allowedthem to influence the rehabilitation process.(AU)

Leaf functional traits and ecological niche of Fagus grandifolia and Oreomunnea mexicana in natural forests and plantings as a proxy of climate change.

PREMISE: Functional traits reflect species' responses to environmental variation and the breadth of their ecological niches. Fagus grandifolia and Oreomunnea mexicana have restricted distribution in upper montane cloud forests (1700-2000 m a.s.l.) in Mexico. These species were introduced into plantings at lower elevations (1200-1600 m a.s.l.) that have climates predicted for montane forests in 2050 and 2070. The aim was to relate morphological leaf traits to the ecological niche structure of each species. METHODS: Leaf functional traits (leaf area, specific leaf area [SLA], thickness, and toughness) were analyzed in forests and plantings. Atmospheric circulation models and representative concentration pathways (RCPs: 2.6, 4.5, 8.5) were used to assess future climate conditions. Trait-niche relationships were analyzed by measuring the Mahalanobis distance (MD) from the forests and the plantings to the ecological niche centroid (ENC). RESULTS: For both species, leaf area and SLA were higher and toughness lower in plantings at lower elevation relative to those in higher-elevation forests, and thickness was similar. Leaf traits varied with distance from sites to the ENC. Forests and plantings have different environmental locations regarding the ENC, but forests are closer (MD 0.34-0.58) than plantings (MD 0.50-0.70) for both species. CONCLUSIONS: Elevation as a proxy for expected future climate conditions influenced the functional traits of both species, and trait patterns related to the structure of their ecological niches were consistent. The use of distances to the ENC is a promising approach to explore variability in species' functional traits and phenotypic responses in optimal versus marginal environmental conditions.

Risk of eating disorders in Mexican university students.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the distribution of the risk of developing an eating disorder, other psychological variables, body mass index (BMI) and physical activity in Mexican university students. The second aim was to determine the association between the risk of developing an eating disorder and all variables by sex. DESIGN: A cross-sectional study was carried out. SETTING: The Health Sciences Institute and the Agricultural Sciences Institute within the Autonomous University of Hidalgo State, Mexico. PARTICIPANTS: 395 university students (65 % women) aged 18 to 29. ANALYSIS: Descriptive, correlational and binary regression model. RESULTS: The risk of developing an eating disorder (moderate and high) was 37.3 % for women and 32.6 % for men. A logistic regression analysis of women showed that thin-ideal internalization (12.9 times), BMI (3.5 times) and inactivity (2.6 times) increased the risk of developing an eating disorder. In men, the drive for muscularity (7.5 times) and BMI (2.3 times) increased the risk. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS: The variables associated with the risk of developing an eating disorder differed by sex, except for BMI, which increased the risk in both sexes. Findings should be considered in the design of future interventions to prevent the risk of eating disorders and associated factors.

Evaluation of particulate organic carbon from MODIS-Aqua in a marine-coastal water body.

La Paz Bay (LPB) in Mexico is one of the largest marine-coastal bodies of water in the Gulf of California (GC) and is ecologically important for the feeding, reproduction, and refuge of marine species. Although particulate organic carbon (POC) is an important reservoir of oceanic carbon and an indicator of productivity in the euphotic zone, studies in this region are scarce. This study evaluates the performance of satellite-derived POC in LPB from January 2003 to December 2020. The metrics obtained for COP ( RMSE = 33.8 mg m - 3 ; P bias = 29.6 % y r P = 0.4 con p < 0.05 ), Chla-a ( RMSE = 0.23 mg m - 3 ; P bias = - 4.3 % y r P = 0.94 con p < 0.05 ), and SST ( RMSE = 2 . 3 ∘ C ; P bias = - 2.2 % y r P = 0.92 con p < 0.05 ) establish that although in some cases there was a slight over/underestimation, the satellite estimates consistently represent the variability and average values measured in situ. On the other hand, the spatio-temporal analysis of the POC allowed us to identify two seasons with their respective transition periods and five subregions in which the POC is characterized by having its maximum variability; two of these coincide with the locations of the eddies reported for the winter and summer seasons in the LPB, while the following three are located: one in the coastal zone and in the two areas in which the LPB interacts with the GC. The associations, variability nodes, and multiple linear regression analysis suggest that POC fluctuations in the LPB respond mainly to biological processes and, to some extent, to the seasonality of SST and wind. Finally, our results justify the use of the MODIS-Aqua satellite POC for studies in marine-coastal water bodies with similar characteristics to the LPB and suggest that this water body can be considered a reservoir for the marine region of northwestern Mexico.

The white grunt, Haemulon plumierii (Lacepède, 1801) as paratenic and definitive host of two acanthocephalan species, with the description of a new species of Dollfusentis (Palaeacanthocephala: Leptohynchoididae) from the Yucatán Peninsula, Mexico.

Acanthocephalans are a group of obligate endoparasites that alternate between vertebrates and invertebrates to complete their life cycles. Occasionally, the same individual host acts as a definitive or paratenic host for different acanthocephalan species. In this study, acanthocephalans were sampled in marine fish in three localities of the Yucatán Peninsula; adults and cystacanths were recovered from the intestine and body cavity, respectively, of Haemulon plumierii from off the coast of Sisal, Yucatán. Ribosomal DNA sequences (small and large subunits) were used to test the phylogenetic position of the species of the genus Dollfusentis, whereas the mtDNA gene cox 1 was used for assessing species delimitation. The cox 1 analysis revealed an independent genetic lineage, which is recognized herein as a new species, Dollfusentis mayae n. sp. The new species is morphologically distinguished from the other six congeners by having a cylindrical proboscis armed with 22-25 longitudinal rows bearing 12 hooks each. The cystacanths were morphologically identified as Gorgorhynchus medius by having a cylindrical trunk covered with tiny irregular spines on the anterior region, and a cylindrical proboscis armed with 17-18 longitudinal rows of 21 hooks each; small and large subunit phylogenetic analyses yielded G. medius within the family Isthomosacanthidae, suggesting that Gorgorhynchus should be transferred to this family from Rhadinorhynchidae where it is currently allocated.

Revealing the 1H NMR Profiling of Six Edible Mushrooms Consumed in the Northeastern Highlands of Puebla, Mexico.

The 1H NMR metabolomics profiling of six edible mushrooms consumed in the northeastern highlands of Puebla, Mexico is presented. These fungi were morpho- and molecularly identified as Infundibulicybe squamulosa, Amanita jacksonii, Lepista nuda, Russula delica, Russula brevipes, and Lactarius indigo. The chemical profiling confirmed the presence of eight essential amino acids and their derivatives, six organic acids, six nucleosides, low amounts of reducing sugars, and valuable nutraceuticals such as betaine, carnitine, glycero-3-phosphocholine and O-acetylcarnitine which were differentially determined and quantified in the six mushrooms by qNMR. Principal component analysis (PCA) and orthogonal projections to latent structures discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) generated four different groups. Two of these groups were constituted by fungal species with phylogenic relationships whereas non-phylogenetic related species were separated from each other. The potential use of 1H NMR metabolomics and chemometrics to group macromycetes and determine the nutritional and nutraceutical potential of these local foods is demonstrated.

Implementation of a roadmap for the comprehensive diagnosis, follow-up, and research of childhood leukemias in vulnerable regions of Mexico: results from the PRONAII Strategy.

The main objective of the National Project for Research and Incidence of Childhood Leukemias is to reduce early mortality rates for these neoplasms in the vulnerable regions of Mexico. This project was conducted in the states of Oaxaca, Puebla, and Tlaxcala. A key strategy of the project is the implementation of an effective roadmap to ensure that leukemia patients are the target of maximum benefit of interdisciplinary collaboration between researchers, clinicians, surveyors, and laboratories. This strategy guarantees the comprehensive management of diagnosis and follow-up samples of pediatric patients with leukemia, centralizing, managing, and analyzing the information collected. Additionally, it allows for a precise diagnosis and monitoring of the disease through immunophenotype and measurable residual disease (MRD) studies, enhancing research and supporting informed clinical decisions for the first time in these regions through a population-based study. This initiative has significantly improved the diagnostic capacity of leukemia in girls, boys, and adolescents in the regions of Oaxaca, Puebla, and Tlaxcala, providing comprehensive, high-quality care with full coverage in the region. Likewise, it has strengthened collaboration between health institutions, researchers, and professionals in the sector, which contributes to reducing the impact of the disease on the community.

Interaction between type 2 diabetes and past COVID-19 on active tuberculosis.

BACKGROUND: The global setback in tuberculosis (TB) prevalence and mortality in the post-COVID-19 era have been partially attributed to pandemic-related disruptions in healthcare systems. The additional biological contribution of COVID-19 to TB is less clear. The goal of this study was to determine if there is an association between COVID-19 in the past 18 months and a new TB episode, and the role played by type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) comorbidity in this relationship. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 112 new active TB patients and 373 non-TB controls, identified between June 2020 and November 2021 in communities along the Mexican border with Texas. Past COVID-19 was based on self-report or positive serology. Bivariable/multivariable analysis were used to evaluate the odds of new TB in hosts with past COVID-19 and/or DM status. RESULTS: The odds of new TB were higher among past COVID-19 cases vs. controls, but only significant among DM patients (aOR 2.3). The odds of TB given DM was 2.7-fold among participants without past COVID-19 and increased to 7.9-fold among those with past COVID-19. CONCLUSION: DM interacts with past COVID-19 synergistically to magnify the risk of TB. Latent TB screening and prophylactic treatment, if positive, is recommended in this COVID-19/DM/latent TB high-risk group.

Association between maternal cardiometabolic markers and fetal growth in non-complicated pregnancies: a secondary analysis of the PRINCESA cohort.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the association of maternal cardiometabolic markers trajectories (glucose, triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol, systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP)) with estimated fetal weight trajectories and birth weight in Mexican pregnant women without medical complications. Cardiometabolic marker trajectories were characterized using group-based trajectory models. Mixed-effect and linear regression models were estimated to assess the association of maternal trajectories with estimated fetal weight and birth weight. The final sample comprised 606 mother-child dyads. Two trajectory groups of maternal cardiometabolic risk indicators during pregnancy were identified (high and low). Fetuses from women with higher values of TG had higher weight gain during pregnancy ( ß ^ = 24.00 g; 95%CI: 12.9, 35.3), were heavier at the sixth month ( ß ^ =48.24 g; 95%CI: 7.2, 89.7) and had higher birth weight ( ß ^ = 89.08 g; 95%CI: 20.8, 157.4) than fetuses in the low values trajectory. Fetuses from mothers with high SBP and DBP had less weight in the sixth month of pregnancy ( ß ^ = - 42.4 g; 95%CI: - 82.7, - 2.1 and ß ^ = - 50.35 g; 95%CI: - 94.2, - 6.4), and a higher DBP trajectory was associated with lower birth weight ( ß ^ = - 101.48 g; 95%CI: - 176.5, - 26.4). In conclusion, a longitudinal exposition to high values of TG and BP was associated with potentially adverse effects on fetal growth. These findings support the potential modulation of children's phenotype by maternal cardiometabolic conditions in pregnancies without medical complications.

Influence of biomass burning on ozone levels in the Megalopolis of Central Mexico during the COVID-19 lockdown.

The massive reductions in anthropogenic emissions resulting from the COVID-19 lockdown provided a unique opportunity to evaluate the effect of mitigation measures aiming to abate air pollution. In Mexico, the total lockdown period took place during the dry-hot season when biomass burning activity is enhanced. Here, we investigate the role of biomass burning emissions on regional ozone levels in the Megalopolis of Central Mexico. The studied period covers the lockdown phases 2 and 3, and the first month of the New Normal. We applied a factor separation technique and process analysis to estimate the pure and synergistic contributions of emission reductions under lockdown and that from biomass burning to daily ozone maximum concentrations in 7 metropolitan areas of different states in the Megalopolis. The results revealed that biomass burning plumes likely masked the effect of massive reductions from mobile emissions, impacted the PBL development during phase 3 and favored transition and mixed NOx-limited and VOC-limited regional regimes. This contributed to increased ozone production in the middle to lower PBL by changing the regional background levels which potentially could bias high ozone production efficiency estimations. Given the Megalopolis contribution to economic and societal development at national scale, our study suggests that ozone mitigation measures during the dry-hot season targeting mainly mobile emissions will likely be offset by biomass burning plumes. A regional and synergic policy aiming to control biomass burning would help to reduce the occurrence of high ozone levels in Central Mexico with the co-benefit of tackling short-lived climate pollutants.